Bishop Steven Croft shares a specially written hymn inspired by the National Cathedral at Washington this Christmas.
Reflecting on the Christmas story this year, Bishop Steven is reminded how diversity is a feature of the witness accounts. Jesus was born to Mary, a Jewish girl, in Bethlehem, a city under Roman occupation. He was excluded, a refugee in his own country. Read the reflection, written for the Oxford Mail.
On 6 October this year, I stood in Bond Square in Oxford with my good friends, Imam Monawar Hussein and Louise Gordon, Vice President of the Oxford Synagogue and we wondered if the rain would ever stop. We’d invited faith leaders, civic leaders and university leaders from across Oxfordshire to gather to stand together for peace, in lament and in remembrance. The date was carefully chosen. This was the anniversary of the last day of (relative) peace in the Middle East. We were also at the beginning of the new academic year in the University of Oxford. We wanted to offer a moment of solidarity and shared grieving for all the lives that had been lost. But would anyone turn out on a dark and stormy October night?
We had planned to gather outside in a public space. At very short notice, New Road Baptist Church kindly opened their doors and offered us shelter and a wet weather plan. Despite the weather, around 250 people gathered. We heard messages from civic and city leaders and our two vice chancellors. Representatives of different faiths led reflections and prayers. We joined in the singing of Where have all the flowers gone? We kept silence together. We pledged ourselves to continue to build communities of kindness and mutual respect. In the end, the rain and the darkness became a sign to us of the great suffering in the world and in our own country. We lit candles as we took a small stand together in hope against the darkness.
October 6 has been one event among many this year as faith, community and civic leaders across the County have worked together for peace and for unity, despite all that is happening in the world. We’ve worked very closely with Thames Valley Police who have been immensely supportive. We held a civic event in Oxford Town Hall in February. In June the Friendship Walk was a powerful witness to the City of the faiths working together. As always, the route began at the Synagogue in Jericho, paused outside St Giles and the University Church in the city centre and finished at one of the mosques in East Oxford. The group were active in the summer as riots and demonstrations threatened across the country in the wake of the dreadful murders in Southport. As always, the faith leaders stood together in the Civic Act of Remembrance in St Giles with leaders from across Oxford, standing together against division. There is now a Thames Valley faith and civic leaders group and the good work we have done in Oxfordshire has spread in new ways to Berkshire, to Slough and to Bucks.
As Christmas approaches this year, I give thanks for all of this and for the work of many good colleagues and people of all faiths and none towards the common good. As I reflect this year on the Christmas story, I am reminded of the witness to diversity in the gospel accounts. Jesus was born to Mary, a Jewish girl, in Bethlehem, a city under Roman occupation. He was excluded, a refugee in his own country. He was visited by shepherds, the poorest in the community, who saw visions of angels. Wise men from the East came to worship him, bearing strange and prophetic gifts. The whole known world, from East to West, is present at his birth. As this year turns, the whole world needs still to hear again his profound message of peace, of reconciliation to God and to others, of love of neighbour, of hope, of kindness and of joy.
The New Year will bring a great many challenges globally and locally: climate change; war; poverty; disease; and migration will all impact the life of our city and county. The good relationships between communities we enjoy in Oxford and Oxfordshire are vital for our common good. These relationships need to be tended and deepened in every place. Can it be part of your own New Year’s resolution to build new bridges in the place you live and play your part in building peace and respect in this remarkable city and county?
A very happy and peaceful Christmas to you and to your family.
Bishop Steven Croft
An account of the first ever global gathering of Provincial Lead Bishops for the Anglican Communion Science Commission.
I made a pilgrimage to the National Cathedral in Washington on All Saints Day. This was my first visit. If you stand in the very centre of the long nave and look east you will see this window. It’s the only Cathedral window I know dedicated to science and technology. If you know of another one, please let me know. The window was installed in 1974 and is called the Space Window (for obvious reasons). Embedded in the centre of the glass is a small fragment of the moon.
Standing in the National Cathedral, four days before a Presidential election was an opportunity to draw together the previous three days in Virginia: an in-depth consultation on science and faith with Anglican bishops from all across the world as part of my work as co-chair of the Anglican Communion Science Commission (ACSC).
The story so far…
Humankind is facing critical global challenges of disease; climate change; the responsible use of technology; care for the earth. Engaging effectively with these challenges demands deeper more confident engagement of all the faith communities with questions of science.
It is also vital for the scientific community to engage well with faith communities in order to develop solutions to global problems; it is vital for faith communities to engage with science and technology in order for the science to be used for the benefit of all.
The ACSC was established four years ago as a global commission of scientists and bishops to encourage all the churches across the Communion to give courageous and confident leadership on questions of science and faith. At the Lambeth Conference two years ago, the Bishops issued a call to the global church to engage with these issues. You can read the text of the call online.
Twenty-eight out of 42 Provinces have now appointed Provincial Lead Bishops to take this work forward. The aim of the Virginia conference was to draw these bishops together for the first time and to inspire and equip them to work locally to take the call forward. We were hosted, very generously, by Virginia Theological Seminary, just outside Washington DC.
Who came?
Twenty-two Provincial Lead Bishops gathered in Virginia from every region of the Communion together with Science Commissions, representatives of youth networks, interpreters and the core team – group of around 40 people. Around two thirds of the bishops present were from the global south. We worked together in regional groups for much of the time: two tables of bishops from Africa; one each from Asia and the Americas; and a combined Europe and Oceania table.
The conference aimed to be deeply contextual and deliberately built on three regional gatherings over the last year in Kenya (for Africa), Australia (for Oceania) and Jamaica (for the Province of the West Indies).
We worked intentionally in a pattern of theological reflection: listening to science and the scientists; listening to scripture and the tradition; listening carefully to each other’s experiences and seeking to develop wise plans and outcomes for every province represented.
Listening to science and the scientists….
We sat at the feet of two world-leading scientists, both committed Christians, working in turn on a very small scale and a very large scale. Francis Collins is currently the Science Advisor to the US President. He led the Human Genome Project and was director of the US National Institutes of Health from 2009 to 2021. Francis spoke openly of the integration of his faith with science throughout his life (he has written an account of this in the New York Times bestseller: The Language of God: A scientist presents evidence for belief). Francis spoke of the joy of reading God’s two books in creation and scripture (to use the language of both John Calvin and Francis Bacon). He spoke movingly of his conversion from atheism to Christianity through science. He encouraged the bishops to engage confidently with questions of science in the areas of gene editing; climate change and pandemics. One of his chilling statistics was that on his estimate around 230,000 people died from COVID in the USA because of a distrust of vaccinations or the vaccines available. Churches and faith communities are vital for the rebuilding of trust in scientists.
Our second guest was Jennifer Wiseman, a senior astrophysicist with NASA who has been very closely involved with studying the remarkable discoveries made through Hubble and James Webb telescopes. Jennifer described for us (with amazing slides) a universe which is beautiful, active, enormous and progressing – not static but living, changing and expanding. Jennifer too described her faith, the sense of an inner purpose to the physical universe and her fundamental response to these discoveries of awe and wonder at creation and the God who made all of this.
Our third input from scientists was a field trip on the second day of the consultation to the National Institutes of Health in Washington, a massive publicly-funded research centre and hospital with an annual budget of $50 billion (a larger GDP than many countries). We were met by the Director herself, Monica Bertagnolli and several senior members of her team and then in groups taken round working laboratories. My group met a research team who had been working for three decades on a cure for sickle cell disease and had made several recent and life-changing breakthroughs. The abiding message from the visit was that, again, the scientists urged the church leaders to find ways to engage, to build bridges, so that two knowledge systems of science and faith could speak to each other for the benefit of all.
Listening to scripture and the tradition
Each day began with worship with the VTS community and then with Bible study led by Katherine Grieb of the Anglican Communion Study Centre at VTS. We were led skillfully into Psalm 8, Jeremiah 4 and Job 38 as ways of exploring the themes of creation. Through careful biblical study our reflections were rooted in Scripture and we were led back to the themes of wonder but also (through Jeremiah) of the risk and threat of disaster expressed through the unravelling of creation and (through Job) of the majesty, transcendence and otherness of Almighty God.
Two guest theologians brought their own insights from the tradition. Norman Wirzba, Professor of Theology and Ethics at Duke University, spoke of a crisis of seeing in the world which lies underneath the great crises we face. What difference does it make to see every person in creation as a child of God and more than a consumer, a voter, an economic unit? He spoke of creation as a garden, of the importance of taking care of the earth, of the connection between the biomes in the soil and the biomes in the human digestive system (connecting again for me the name of Adam with the Hebrew name for earth, Adamah).
Ian Markham, Dean of VTS, spoke of the ways in which science has advanced beyond popular understanding of a mechanistic universe. The Church has become disconnected from the sciences because of our lack of confidence. But recent discoveries in biology and quantum physics make it clear that a mechanistic, materialistic account of the universe is now implausible from a scientific perspective. Christian theologians should not hesitate to engage with contemporary cosmologies – indeed our perspective is needed.
Listening to the Bishops…..
A whole afternoon of the conference was spent listening to the three groups of bishops who had already worked together in the regional conferences in Jamaica, Kenya and Australia. This work was presented by Dr Jacquie Bay who had led these conferences with a team drawn from the Science Commission and the church in each region.
These conferences were deliberative: a form of dialogue designed to go beyond consultation to recommendations and conclusions. Each regional gathering had emphasised the importance of bringing together the different knowledge systems of science and faith not in competition but collaboration for the flourishing of all. Each also emphasised the vital importance of the local and of listening to indigenous communities and knowledge to build wisdom and trust. The Bishops spoke of the fragility of the earth in the face of climate change, an every present thread in our conversations. Each gathering has produced a range of recommendations to be taken forward by the Bishops themselves. The final version of the report will be developed further in the next three months and brought to the next meeting of the Science Commission in December but these gatherings were a key building block towards the Virginia consultation. We listened in this session also to the voices of young Anglicans and to research which underlines the vital importance of science and faith questions to those under 35 and the importance of including young Anglicans in all we do in these areas.
Jacquie’s conclusion to her session echoed the insights of the United Nations and the International Science Council, both of which have called on scientists across the world to engage seriously with churches and faith groups and with indigenous knowledge systems as a vital way to build trust and wisdom for the application of scientific discovery.
Developing wisdom…..
The first two days were largely about listening. The final day was given to supporting each Provincial Lead Bishop to develop a plan of action. As a core team we were unsure how this final day would go. Would colleagues be overwhelmed by complexity or by the scale of what we were attempting? Time and space was given to develop individual plans and commitments and then to share those first in regions and, through flipcharts, with the whole group. There was a pooling of resources to take all of this forward produced by ECLAS in the UK and by other groups worldwide. There is plenty of good material available.
The outcomes were inspiring. The plans are detailed, deeply contextual, very different from each other. Some Provinces will develop their own science commissions and dialogue between church leaders and scientists. Some will take a project approach. Some will focus on schools or theological education. Some had brilliant ideas (Cathedral services; an annual science Sunday; involving schools). There was immense energy and creativity in the room. There was a strong sense of solidarity and mutual support across the regional tables and a desire to share good practice and encouragement. All of the plans will be recorded and collated and made available to the participants. The core team will be developing ways of keeping in touch with the Provincial Lead Bishops and communicating what happens locally and across the Communion over the coming months.
On the final afternoon, Linda Nicholls, recently retired as Primate of Canada, led the group each to say what they had valued and appreciated: there was so much encouragement and energy and confidence in the room and in the messages sent by WhatsApp the following day.
The Space Window…
So there was a huge amount to give thanks for as I made my pilgrimage to see the Space Window on All Saints Day. The sliver of moon rock embedded in the glass is a symbol of a massive feat of science, endeavour and leadership to put a man on the moon, an event I remember watching live from my school classroom in 1969.
The Anglican Communion Science Commission is in a similar way shooting for the moon. Helping the Church across the world to engage confidently with questions of science and faith for the sake of the whole world is a huge endeavour and will be at least a ten-year project. But we came a little nearer seeing that dream become a reality. By the grace of God we are drawing together threads of progress woven in many different places. We look to Almighty God, maker, redeemer and sustainer to guide and prosper this work in the years to come.
With thanks: to all the participants who made the journey; to the core team who designed and constructed the programme: Andrew Briggs, Heather Payne, Stephen Spencer, and Katherine Grieb; to our administrative support Rachel Parry and Hester Wensing; to all our guest speakers and the team at NIH; to Dean Ian Markham and VTS for their generosity; to my co-chair the Revd Professor Kwamena Sagoe and to Archbishop Justin Welby for his vision and unfailing support for this venture.
Bishop Steven encourages clergy to ‘come away and rest’ during the summer months, making space for time off and honouring the Sabbath.
I write to make a number of points in response to your letter to the Archbishops of 26 June. Your letter makes a series of charges against the bishops of the Church of England and I have no doubt has caused hurt to LGBTQIA+ Christians and their friends and family. Your threat of schism means that we find ourselves on the front pages of the national press on this issue even in the midst of a General Election campaign when the world faces so many challenges and problems.
- The extent of the Alliance
You say that your network is supported by more than 2,000 clergy within the Church of England but I see no real evidence that this is the case (and I note that the Catholic signatories seem not to have signed the latest letter).
I know that there are many clergy and lay people in our own Diocese who themselves could not in conscience use Prayers of Love and Faith. They are loved and cherished. I have a deep respect for those who hold these views on a genuinely difficult question of theology and ethics and am in regular dialogue with them. I also accept that there will be a need to recognise those who hold this view in good conscience in the provision of safeguards and in the provision of specific and defined episcopal ministry.
But the number of clergy and congregations who say they require the degree of legal/provincial differentiation proposed in your letter is very small in my experience. Almost every congregation contains a range of opinion and for the most part people are content to accept this diversity, solve problems locally and get on with the mission of God. If the proposals currently before Synod are followed there is literally no risk whatsoever that churches and ministers who support the Church’s current teaching would have to act against their conscience or depart from that doctrine.
- A departure from doctrine therefore B2
You argue that what is proposed in the Synod papers is clearly indicative of a departure from the doctrine of the Church of England in an essential matter. I genuinely do not believe that this is the case. The settled position reached after over more than ten years of debate and consultation is to make three modest but helpful changes towards greater inclusion but each builds on existing practice. This is not a watershed moment.
- The authorisation of Prayers of Love and Faith (even as stand alone services) simply gives alternative liturgical provision to enable services which could legally happen without PLF. All of you as signatories have been part of a Church for many years in which these services have happened.
- The replacement of Issues in Human Sexuality with new pastoral guidance is proposing to extend to clergy the same freedom of conscience in the ordering of their relationships as has been given for more than 30 years to lay Christians (including lay ministers). All of you as signatories have been content to be part of a Church which offers this freedom of conscience to the majority of its members.
- The proposal to remove existing disciplines from clergy entering same sex marriage is also a modest change. When this happens under the present disciplines, clergy are not subject to CDM procedures nor deprived of their living nor their license. The new proposal is simply to remove the requirement for such clergy to receive a formal rebuke and to be able to move to new roles (and therefore to enable ordinands in same sex marriages to be treated in an identical way). All of you as signatories have been part of a church in which clergy in same sex marriages continue to minister.
Not a single one of these proposals therefore amounts to a change in the Church of England’s doctrine of marriage. The B2 process you have consistently proposed is in any case limited to the first of these proposals; and appears simply to be a device for blocking any kind of change.
I readily accept that a B2 process would be needed for the Church of England solemnising same sex marriage in Church. This would be a change of doctrine. I accept that there is not yet a settled majority for this across the Church of England. These modest changes are therefore a step towards love and inclusion which enables us to minister in better ways to the whole of our society.
As I have argued previously, a successful B2 process on PLF would, I believe, make it harder for parishes and clergy to opt out of prayers which would have a much higher authorisation.
- Western elitism?
You level against the bishops again the charge of Western elitism and ignoring the views of the Global South. However, your own letters pay no attention to the very considerable consensus at the Lambeth Conference in 2022 about accepting different views on sexuality yet still walking together. You make no mention of the persecution of LGBTQIA+ Christians in many parts of the world, often tacitly supported by the Church. Nor do you recognise that many Provinces of the Communion are genuinely debating these matters and contain a rich variety of views.
- Catastrophising language
Once again your letter deploys doom laden and catastrophising language to attempt to put pressure on the Bishops and the General Synod (“a matter of deep regret”; “the cause of incalculable damage to the structure, integrity and mission of the national church”). I wonder, where is your sense of Scriptural perspective and the themes of mercy, love and joy and the priority of gospel proclamation?
- Fracturing the body of Christ
You have wrapped your threats in veiled language: “we are proposing a positive way forward…”. You argue that if these extremely cautious and modest proposals are enacted you have will have “no choice” (but you do in fact have a wide range of choices) “but rapidly to establish what would be in fact a de facto “parallel Province”.
I am afraid this has to be named for what it is: a proposal for a deep and disproportionate schism in the life of the Church of England and, surely, a proposal which will grieve Anglicans in every place.
On the one hand you are openly criticizing the bishops for uncanonical processes. However, at the same time, you declare your intention to act unilaterally, outside any formal and transparent process of consultation or Synod or legal structure or theological reflection or recognisable ecclesiology but through a set of actions determined in closed rooms.
The mind of the majority House of Bishops now seems to me to be settling on questions of pastoral reassurance after many months of uncertainty. There is a now a reluctant acceptance of the need for some regional provision of episcopal ministry to recognise divergent views on marriage and same sex relationships, supported by a House of Bishops statement, Code of Practice and Reviewer. However, the House is also clear that going beyond these arrangements to diverse jurisdictions, a third province and a church within a church undercuts the very essence of Anglican ecclesiology and represents a red line we cannot cross.
- A new stream of ordination candidates?
Finally, you threaten action with immediate effect to open up a new pre-ordination stream for potential ordinands in partnership with “orthodox” bishops. You relate the current fall in ordinands to the current process on the basis, I would argue, of hardly any evidence. But guidelines for training and the funding of training and pathways for training all have to be agreed by the House of Bishops and the General Synod. They are not matters for unilateral action by one party within the Church.
And finally….
I am sorry to have to write to you in these terms. I do respect your views on marriage and sexuality and hold many of you in high regard. However, I believe the letter you have been persuaded to sign is a deeply unhelpful and misleading contribution to our present debate. I believe GS2358 represents a reasonable way forward for the Church in this most difficult of questions, albeit a costly compromise from all perspectives and that the General Synod should unite behind it.
Bishop Steven is one of a group of eight members of the House of Lords who have criticised Ofcom’s approach to the Children’s Code which is currently being consulted on.
The letter in full:
We are writing to you as parliamentarians from across the political spectrum, united in our concerns about the draft Children’s Code that Ofcom is currently consulting on.
The Online Safety Act reflects politicians’ shared commitment to ensuring children are safe online. The Act was overwhelmingly supported with politicians from all parties and both houses – unusually – coming to a collective agreement. The need to contain the excesses of the tech sector was more important than scoring points.
The Act that followed gives considerable powers to Ofcom, with a particular emphasis, set out at the beginning of the Act, that its purpose was to keep children safe by design.
It is with this context in mind that we are writing to express our concern that the draft Children’s Code does not do justice to that intent. Specifically, the draft falls substantially short in three key areas:
1. The draft Code does not enforce against underage use. This means that millions of children under the age of 13 will continue to be exposed to products and content that even the services themselves deem inappropriate for them.
2. The draft Code fails to mitigate identified risks – livestreaming, for example, features heavily in Ofcom’s own research as an identified risk – but the Code offers no mitigation strategy. The measures that Ofcom has proposed are partial and overly focused on process rather than outcomes.
3. The draft Code fails to require age-appropriate services – meaning there is no difference between services offered to a 7-year-old and a 17-year-old.
Each of these are clearly needed to keep children safe, and we believe they are enabled, indeed required, by the Online Safety Act.
It’s possible that Ofcom officials are concerned that age assurance for children below the age of 18 is hard to achieve with today’s technology. If that is the case, we would respectfully suggest that this concern does not align with existing industry practice where a range of age assurance methods are already being deployed to estimate the age or age range of users for safety, privacy and commercial reasons. There is also clear evidence over the last decade that the regulated companies invest time and money in child safety technology when regulators require them to do so. And when legislation is in place, such as the Age Appropriate Design Code, tech development has followed swiftly.
The Act anticipates that age estimation strategies will be part of the regulatory standards and so your decision to require a single standard of age assurance (“highly effective”) goes against the terms of the Act and the intentions of Parliament.
We are bewildered at the decision to do nothing at all to protect children under 13, and at the same time give regulated companies safe harbour. We simply do not understand how Ofcom can assert in Volume 5 of the draft Code that “there is currently limited evidence on the specific impact of harms to children in different age groups”. For years, the BBFC categorised content as appropriate for different ages of a child with clear age breaks at 12, 15 and 18. The Act is clear that regulated companies have a duty to mitigate and manage the risk of harms to children of different age groups (Part 3, section 12 of the Act). Why would you choose to ignore this?
After so many years in the making and so many promises to parents and children, the failure to use your powers in full will undermine faith in a regulatory solution altogether. Throughout the Act’s passage through parliament, both HMG and Ofcom repeatedly assured us that the Act gave you the powers required to protect children. At no point did Ofcom raise concerns that the powers were insufficient, indeed when parliamentarians raised concerns about ensuring that age assurance was developed to create age-appropriate services, or that terms should be mandatory – we were told that ‘the Children’s Code would do that’. So, we are confused as to why you have chosen not to.
We urge you to act to prevent underage use, find a mitigation for every identified risk, and require age-appropriate services for children of different ages. No parent or teacher would or could want a 17-year-old to be treated as if 7, or the other way round. A regime that does so will simply not work.
As ever, we would be happy to meet to discuss further and if barriers to the implementation of the Act as anticipated by Parliament exist, we will raise them in our discussions with the new Secretary of State when they are in place.
Lord Bethell
Lord Clement-Jones
Lord Bishop of Oxford
Baroness Harding of Winscombe
Baroness Kidron
Lord Knight
Baroness Morgan of Cotes
Lord Russell of Liverpool
The Anxious Generation
Dozens of books are published every year now on the risks of technology and AI. I can only read a fraction and I have to confess I start more than I finish. But every so often I am gripped by a book I can’t put down and then want everyone to read.
The last time that happened was Shoshanna Zuboff’s masterpiece The Age of Surveillance Capitalism in 2019 which exposes the economic and financial models, the risks and exploitation at the heart of Big Tech. It’s not a light read nor a short one at almost 700 pages but foundational to understanding the changes at the heart of the global economy.
The Anxious Generation is more focussed and altogether easier to read and understand – but I would say equally important. Jonathan Haidt is Professor of Ethical Leadership in the Stern School of Business in New York University. He’s a serious academic. More importantly he is also a parent and cares passionately about the wellbeing of young people.
His book deserves to be read by every parent and grandparent; by every headteacher; every church leader; every politician. It’s a cool-headed, factual and devastating analysis of what has happened to the mental health of children and young people since 2010. It’s also a cry for radical reform in relation to children, schools, smart phones and social media.
Life on Mars
Haidt begins and ends his book with a parable: “suppose when your first child turned 10 a visionary billionaire whom you’ve never met chose her to join the first permanent human settlement on Mars?”. Would you agree? Of course not. But what has happened to children and young people over the last 14 years has been the equivalent: a set of experiences Haidt calls the Great Rewiring.
The Great Rewiring happened in 2010 with three global developments in technology. The first was the widespread adoption of the smart phone with thousands of apps. The second was the invention of the front-facing camera and the arrival of the selfie. The third was the rise of social media, driven by algorithms and especially the like and retweet/repost buttons. The Anxious Generation is not a diatribe against technology as such, or the internet, or computer games but an analysis of what has happened to children and young people as a consequence of these key and almost universal developments.
Previous studies have demonstrated a correlation between the sharp rise in anxiety and mental health issues and social media. Haidt claims to take the evidence a step further and demonstrates clear causation. I was completely convinced by his arguments which underlined so much of what I learned during the long passage of the Online Safety Bill through Parliament. Some of his reviewers do still question his evidence base but the book is supported by a website with tables of statistics and updates for those who want to follow through on this.
Haidt follows through on his general analysis with more detailed studies of the differential effects of social media on boys and girls. These are probably the most chilling and serious chapters in the book. He sets the widespread use of social media in the context of an equally serious long-term trend: under supervision of children online combines with over supervision in the real world with fewer opportunities for real life play and experimentation has produced the current sharp rise in anxiety, unhappiness, self-harming and suicidal thoughts with tragic consequences for a generation.
The Prescription
Haidt’s prescription and call to action are specific and clear and undergirded by every argument in the book. He makes four recommendations:
• No smart phones before high school (aged 14)
• No social media before 16
• Phone-free schools
• Far more unsupervised play and childhood independence.
Haidt demonstrates convincingly that the minds of young teenagers are still developing until the age of 16 and young teens are simply unable to resist the addictive behaviours taught by the algorithms which drive social media. Social media is therefore positively dangerous in forming addictive habits before the age of 16. He also demonstrates that the current social media threshold of 13 (ignored by many children and parents) is entirely arbitrary and has no basis in medical research. By phone-free schools he means more than no phones visible in lessons but a system whereby phones are locked away securely at the beginning of the school day and not unlocked until the end. The Times carried an article on 9 April exploring the radical difference this has made in one school in Kent.
Haidt’s conclusions are relevant to every school governor, every teacher and every parent in Britain. Young children want smart phones and are often given smart phones from the age of eight or nine. It’s currently considered normal to give your child a smart phone at the latest by secondary school with access to all the social media apps. It takes a determined parent and school to stand against the trend. But Haidt’s analysis speaks for itself. The current socially accepted norm is deeply damaging to the mental health of a whole generation.
Spiritual Practices
One of the most fascinating chapters in The Anxious Generation is the section on spiritual practices. Haidt himself is an atheist but he writes as someone who appreciates and sees the value of traditional spiritual practices for mental health. He outlines six which he believes are significant:
1. Shared sacredness (times and places set apart)
2. Embodiment and real-world experiences
3. Silence, stillness and focus developed by prayer and meditation
4. Transcending the self in worship
5. Be slow to anger and quick to forgive (the opposite to habits developed by social media) and
6. Find awe in nature.
This is an excellent list for churches and church schools to reflect on and to develop further. As a diocese we have done a huge amount of work in this area through SpaceMakers, our contemplative toolkit for schools to teach exactly these and other spiritual disciplines.
What can schools and churches and chaplaincies do?
The Anxious Generation is a vital book. Read it for yourself and recommend it to others. We are in the midst of a mental health pandemic and not just for children. Many of Haidt’s lessons apply equally to adults addicted to their phones, constantly checking into social media and unable to focus on any single thing for more than a few minutes.
Churches are well placed to form communities of resistance to technology addiction for both adults and for children and young people. Draw people together. Host conversations. Get medical experts in. Develop strategies together.
School heads and governors have key responsibilities here to ensure that church schools are places of safety and learning. That will mean taking very seriously the call to ban smart phones during the school day though decisions need to be carefully made and prepared for.
We have scores of chaplains across the diocese working in universities, the armed forces, prisons and other settings with a generation of young adults already addicted to technologies but also beginning to look for ways to grow stronger.
Looking back from the future
I am convinced that in 10 or 20 years’ time, the world will look back in anger at our carelessness in exposing children and young people to addictive technologies, harmful content and permanent distraction through what Haidt calls the Great Rewiring of childhood and adolescence. It is time to wake up to the reality of the crisis in child mental health and its causes. Jonathan Haidt’s book is a really significant step forward – but we need to take action together.
Some of us might have been surprised to see Artificial Intelligence so high on the agenda for the Prime Minister’s meeting with the President Biden this week. The President pledged to support Britain’s convening of a major global conference on AI regulation later this year.
The calling of the conference is part of the government’s response to a series of concerns about AI voiced by leading figures in the tech industry in recent months warning of the need to regulate both research and deployment of AI. Many of you will know that I have been working in this area now for a number of years in my work in the House of Lords and for three years as part of the government’s Centre for Data Ethics and Innovation. This seems a good moment to bring the Synod and the Diocese up to date on the potential and concerns around AI and also with developments in the Online Safety Bill.
Artificial Intelligence is developing apace and is affecting every part of our lives. Global investment is increasing. New products are rolled out with bewildering speed. Microsoft launched Chat GPT on 30th November last year. By January it had become the fastest growing consumer software application in history gaining over 100 million users worldwide. Chat GPT is currently leading the field among new AI’s available to the public based on Large Language Models: the manipulation not just of data but of language in a way which seems human and intelligent. Chat GPT is already transforming search, the way children do their homework and possibly the way clergy prepare sermons. Version 4 was launched in March; an App came out in May. Microsoft will incorporate a version into Office later this year.
The software has the potential to reshape the legal profession, call centres and knowledge based enterprises. Other developments in AI are transforming medicine particularly in the rapid diagnosis of cancers or more accurate scanning and in the development of remote medicine.
There is huge potential here but also significant jeopardy. Two of the three godfathers of AI, Geoffrey Hinton and Yoshua Benigio have sounded warnings about research and deployment running much faster than regulation and public debate. In May a coalition of industry experts including the head of the company which developed Chat GPT and of Google Deep Mind issued a serious warning that Artificial Intelligence could lead to the extinction of humanity. They argue that:
“Mitigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority alongside other societal scale risks such as pandemics and nuclear war”.
What are the risks? They include the weaponization of AI by bad actors; the generation of misinformation to destabilise society, including in elections; the concentration of power in fewer and fewer hands enabling regimes to enforce narrow values through pervasive surveillance and oppressive censorship”; and enfeeblement, where humans become dependent on AI.
These warnings are not uncontested and we are currently seeing a pushback against some of these dire warnings. We are probably decades away from an autonomous general artificial intelligence. These Terminator like scenarios can be used to distract attention from the more immediate but real dangers – such as the rapid deployment of facial recognition technology in security and policing without proper governance. But more not less public debate is needed which is mindful both of the immense good this technology can enable and the severe harm.
What then has this to do with the Church and with Christians? We clearly need to engage in an informed way as this technology develops for the sake of present and future generations. As Christians we have a distinctive understanding of human dignity and person hood and what it means to be human. Our identity is rooted in the faith that humankind is made in the image of God, to quote Genesis 1. We place our faith and trust in our Father in heaven who made us and who loves us. We are able to work in partnership with technology and machines of all kinds. But not uncritically.
If technology undermines personal safety or dignity, through stripping away capacity for creativity and meaningful work, then we should be concerned. If technology undermines the democratic process or public truth, we should sound a warning. If the development of autonomous weapons gives life and death decisions to a machine we should raise our voices in every way possible.
Second, our understanding of what it means to be human is rooted in the incarnation. We believe that Almighty God, maker of heaven and earth, became a human person in a particular time and place to redeem all of humanity in every time and place. There is no higher statement of value and worth for humankind that the truth that God became a person in Jesus and a person who embodies the distinctive Christian character of the beatitudes: contemplation in a relationship with God, compassion in love for the world and courage in a desire for justice and for peace. We are called to embody those values in the life of the Body of Christ, the Church.
This means again that the Church will need to be both critical and cautious in response to new technologies. Our humanity is not negotiable. We need to say clearly that the future of humankind is not unlimited enhancement and mechanisation and automation and delegation. We will want to see robust public debate and good governance which is alert to dangers. We will want the commonly owned values of our society, based on our Christian inheritance, to be lived out online as well as offline. We will want to ensure a strong role for government in regulation. If this is in the hands of major global tech companies then power and wealth and influence will be concentrated in an ever smaller group of unaccountable technocrats. We will want to see strong human- AI partnerships as a foundational principle in medicine, in law enforcement, in automation of work, in education.
And third our understanding of our humanity is formed by our faith and trust in the Holy Spirit, who gives life to the people of God. The Spirit of God comes to dwell within the heart and life of the believer, to give life in all its fulness, to form us into the likeness of Christ and to empower us to change God’s world for the better.
The Spirit leads us into all truth, we believe. One of the concerns to be alert to in this present phase of AI development is truth and authenticity. The new tools make the creation and dissemination of authentic deep fakes much easier. How do we know on the night before an election that the picture of the politician saying or doing something terrible is true or not? If Chat GPT or Google tells us that something is true, how do we test that in the real world if the internet is our only source of information? The preservation of truth has to be one of the highest priorities in a democracy and for the Church.
One of the other marks of the Spirit’s life is creativity. Remember in Exodus how the Spirit is given to skilled workers in fabrics and metals and wood in the building of tabernacle; remember how the Spirit inspires architects and builders and musicians and the arts.
The new generation of AI has a massive capacity for creativity. For the very first time we can all access a tool which will write a greetings card in the style of a Shakespeare sonnet or produce a new play or opera. So far the quality is not high – but it will get better.
My colleague Simon Cross, who is funded by the Templeton Foundation and works with me on these issues, has recently summed up the shift in the new generation of AI tools in this way:
The first iteration of digitalisation extracted data about us. In the first digital world, facts like our age, ethnicity, location and viewing habits could be extracted – or inferred with ever increasing granularity – and then used to tailor our attention: surveillance to sell. But the onus was on our information and opinions, not our ideas. There have been a host of downstream harms and unintended consequences that we are still discovering. But now, even before that first clean up is complete, Generative AI is coming for our creativity. Everything, but everything we write, or say, or sing, or paint, or draw, or sculpt, or… everything: all of it, is – or soon might be – hoovered up inside a ‘foundation model’, because our creativity is the coal that powers this new generative AI furnace.
What will the consequence be for our humanity and identity if AI takes the major share of human creativity: the arts as well as the sciences. The answer is that we become less than human, less than we can be. The spark of the divine image begins to be extinguished. We need to be alert; we need our prophets; we need to preserve truth and creativity and dignity for future generations.
Finally, as Simon argues there, the first clean up is not yet complete. Indeed it has hardly started. The Online Safety Bill currently in Committee Stage in the House of Lords is a key piece of legislation. It is not yet strong enough and over the last three months I’ve been working with a cross party group of peers, charities and agencies, and connecting with MPs, to seek to strengthen the Bill, with Simon’s support and that of other Lords Spiritual.
I am increasingly convinced that the world has created a deeply toxic environment for the mental health of children and adults through social media. We will look back on the last two decades and the lack of regulation in future years with disbelief. The range of harms affects every section of society but children and the vulnerable most of all.
The Letter of James is absolutely clear about the power of the tongue and of words to do harm.
“How great a forest is set ablaze by a small fire. And a tongue is a fire….a restless evil…. full of deadly poison.”
This fire, this evil, this deadly poison is magnified a hundred fold by social media and online engagement and has a massive effect on peoples real lives in a range of ways. The multiplication happens through 24 hour access even in our most private spaces; through the clever fostering of addiction; through algorithms which drive the most controversial content to our feeds and now increasingly through AI generated material.
I have been corresponding in recent weeks with Amanda and Stuart Stephens well known to some members of this Synod whose 13 year old son Olly was tragically murdered in Reading in 2021 by other children of a similar age. Social media played a massive part in his murder especially through incitement to knife crime. Amanda and Stuart have joined other bereaved parents in campaigning for a stronger bill.
The harms caused to children by pornography have been a feature of several of amendments and especially for strong age assurance and verification protection.
Adults too are not immune to harm from social media as many here will know. The Bill needs to be further strengthened as at attempt to regulate the damage already done. We need to learn from the damage caused by the last 20 years of social media to better regulate for the next generation. The government has not yet agreed to the major changes which are still needed though there is still time to do this.
There may yet come a moment when it will be helpful for members of this Synod to write to their MP’s on this matter.
There is much that can be done in local churches and schools to help and support parents and children in responsible approaches to the internet. We will be giving consideration later in this Synod to the magnificent work of our Board of Education and our engagement with children and young people now and into the future. I hope this address sets a context both in outlining some of the challenges the next generations will face, the need to monitor and limit access to social media and the resources of Christian faith to establish and build a vital core of Christian identity rooted in God the Trinity, Father, Son and Holy Spirit.
+Steven
10 June 2023
Photo: Spirit of God awakens a new life, both dead and alive, detail of stained glass window by Sieger Koder in church of Saint John in Piflas, Germany (c) Shutterstock
On 9 February 2023, the General Synod approved the motion brought by the House of Bishops as the next step in the Living in Love and Faith process.
As you will have seen the motion laments our failure as a church to welcome LGBTQI+ people; welcomes the decision of the House of Bishops to draw up new pastoral guidance to replace Issues in Human Sexuality and looks forward to the House of Bishops further refining, commending and issuing the Prayers of Love and Faith. You can find the full text of the amended motion here.
The Synod debate was demanding. Many of our Oxford representatives spoke at different points and reflected different points of view. All spoke graciously and clearly. My own contribution to the debate came near the beginning.
I welcome Synod’s decision as will many across the diocese. Some will be disappointed that the proposals were not able to go further than offering Prayers of Love and Faith and new guidance. Others will believe that the Bishops and the Synod have gone too far.
It is clear from the voting in the Houses of Clergy and Laity that whilst a majority are in favour of moving forward in this way, there remains a substantial minority opposed to change for a variety of reasons, and this is reflected in our own diocese.
The debate in the Synod chamber was both passionate and respectful. Synod rose to the occasion. It was also an emotional debate. People laid themselves bare. There were tears afterwards on all sides.
Please hold in love and prayer those from our own diocese who took part and those who led on the debate nationally. You may want to express your appreciation for this task undertaken on behalf of the whole Church to the Synod representatives who are linked to your own deanery.
Most of the Oxford representatives met together two weeks before Synod in person, and we spent four hours together working through the agenda. I know everyone took their responsibilities extremely seriously. We were thankful for your prayers.
The House of Bishops were present in the Synod to listen, especially in the group work. In March we will return to the task of refining and developing the Prayers of Love and Faith and to developing new Pastoral Guidance.
At present we expect both texts to be ready in some form by the July meeting of the General Synod. It’s important to stress, for the moment, that nothing has changed in the Church of England’s pastoral practice, although we do now have a clear direction of travel from the Bishops and affirmed by the General Synod.
Locally and nationally we will continue to listen carefully as this process continues, including of course to LGBTQI+ people and their families. There will be mixed feelings: for many a sense of welcome progress combined with a weariness that the debate will need to continue and disappointment that the Church has not been able to offer the celebration of equal marriage.
As bishops we will also be listening carefully to clergy and churches which are not able in conscience to affirm same sex relationships. We are already in dialogue with a range of individuals and groups across the Diocese of Oxford on this. As I said in my speech to the General Synod:
“My vision for the Diocese of Oxford is that we will be a diocese where all are affirmed and cherished, where same sex relationships can be celebrated and those who hold the traditional view are honoured and respected”.
This will be a demanding vision to realise and each of us has a part to play. I think all of us will need space for some prayer and reflection after the sometimes intense conversation of the last few weeks.
I would encourage taking good time for this in every place locally – but also encourage everyone to wait for the eventual outcomes of the national process before making local decisions which might flow from these debates. The four bishops and all the senior team are very willing to be in dialogue.
Finally, I’ve been drawn more and more over recent weeks into the parable of the two sons in Luke 15. All of us, I am sure, want the whole Church to reflect the radical, inclusive love of the father for the younger son in that powerful moment of welcome caught in Rembrandt’s painting.
The father sees him coming from afar and runs to meet him. He puts his arms around him and kisses him. He calls for the best robe, for a ring for his finger and sandals for his feet. There is the most wonderful party.
But my own focus has been on the father at the end of Jesus’ story. The older brother stays outside the celebration. What does the father do? He humbles himself and goes outside to where his other son sits, hurting. He listens to him and urges him to come in.
There is no easy identification here of one group in the debate with the younger son and the other with the older. There are sisters and brothers in each part of this conversation who are bruised and hurt. Each of us might feel at any time as though we have left the party.
But those of us who are called to pastor the Church in this time are called to be like the father at this moment in the story: to go out to them and listen to the pain and, always, to offer the invitation to come and join the celebration. The father’s extraordinary humility and love should be our pattern.
We do not always know how to do this. We do not know the outcome of this part of the story in the gospel. But our calling to love beyond measure is absolutely clear. The Son who tells the story gave his life to draw us and all the world into a single new humanity.
With love in Christ in testing times,
+Steven
10 February, 2023
Image: Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn – Return of the Prodigal Son – Google Art Project
This text was first published as a letter to people in the Diocese of Oxford
The Rt Revd Dr Steven Croft, Bishop of Oxford, issues a message and prayer as King Charles III ascends to the throne.